Assessment of a Remote Sensing Energy Balance Methodology (SEBAL) Using Different Interpolation Methods to Determine Evapotranspiration in a Citrus Orchard

"(c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works."A surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) has been parameterized and tested in a 400-ha drip irrigated citrus orchard. Simultaneously, during three growing seasons, energy fluxes were measured using Eddy Covariance. Instantaneous fluxes obtained with SEBAL using 10 images from Landsat-5 were compared with the measured fluxes. The Perrier function was the best method for properly estimating the roughness momentum length for discontinuous canopies, as in citrus orchards. Crop height was estimated using LIDAR data. In general, SEBAL performed well for net radiation estimation but failed in soil heat flux estimation. Latent heat estimations from the SEBAL model had a relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of 0.06 when compared with measurements obtained by Eddy Covariance. Three procedures were tested for up-scaling the instantaneous ET estimates from SEBAL to daily ET values: 1) assuming the fraction between the actual ET and the reference ET is constant throughout the day; 2) using actual local crop coefficient curves; and 3) using an up-scaling factor where the fraction of hourly ET to daily ET equals the ratio of hourly to daily global solar radiation. This last method gave acceptable results for daily ET estimations (rRMSE = 0.09) and for 15day ET (rRMSE = 0.19), and its main advantage is that no local data are required. It is concluded that the SEBAL methodology can be successfully applied for determining actual ET, even in discontinuous citrus canopies. However, additional parameterizations of momentum roughness length were needed in order to obtain reliable ET determinations.This work was supported in part by MINECO project Rideco-Consolider CSD2006-0067 and in part by Interreg IV Sudoe project "Telerieg."Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Castel, JR.; Testi, L.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS. (2015). Assessment of a Remote Sensing Energy Balance Methodology (SEBAL) Using Different Interpolation Methods to Determine Evapotranspiration in a Citrus Orchard. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 8(4):1465-1477. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2418817S146514778

Methodology for grouping intakes of pressurised irrigation networks into sectors to minimise energy consumption

[EN] Grouping intakes into sectors so they operate in scheduled periods allows irrigation networks to be operated more efficiently from an energy point of view. In the case of systems where water is supplied by pumps, the criteria used to date to create irrigation sectors does not guarantee that pumping sets work in the most efficient manner, despite the use of variable frequency drives. A new methodology, using a genetic algorithm and a hydraulic network model, has been developed to group intakes into sectors to minimise energy consumption. The methodology was applied to a case study and several scenarios compared using energy performance indicators. Predictions on a case study in Spain showed that energy savings of 36.4% could be possible and operational network conditions can be improved by ensuring minimum pressures are guaranteed.This work has been funded by IMPIVA of Comunidad Valenciana and the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science by means of the project CICYT BIA 2004-06444. The authors wish to thank the company TECVASA (Tecnicas Valencianas del Agua S.A.) for their collaboration in this study.Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Martínez Alzamora, F.; Bou Soler, V.; Bartolín Ayala, HJ. (2010). Methodology for grouping intakes of pressurised irrigation networks into sectors to minimise energy consumption. Biosystems Engineering. 105(4):429-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.12.014S429438105

A combined photophysical and computational study on the binding of mycophenolate mofetil and its major metabolite to transport proteins

[EN] Binding of the inmunodrepresive agent mycophenolate mofetil (MMP) and its pharmacologically active metabolite mycophenolic acid (MPA) to human serum albumin (HSA) and ¿1-acid glycoprotein (HAAG) has been investigated by an integrated approach involving selective excitation of the drug fluorophore, following their UV-A triggered fluorescence and docking studies. The formation of the protein/ligand complexes was evidenced by a dramatic enhancement of the fluorescence intensity and a hypsochromic shift of the emission band. In HSA, competitive studies using oleic acid as site I probe revealed site I as the main binding site of the ligands. Binding constants revealed that the affinity of the active metabolite by HSA is four-fold higher than its proactive form. Moreover, the affinity of MMP by HSA is three-fold higher than by HAAG. Docking studies revealed significant molecular binding differences in the binding of MMP and MPA to sub-domain IIA of HSA (site 1). For MPA, the aromatic moiety would be in close contact to Trp214 with the flexible chain pointing to the other end of the sub-domain; on the contrary, for MMP, the carboxylate group of the chain would be fixed nearby Trp214 through electrostatic interactions with residues Arg218 and Arg222.Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (CTQ2013-47872-C2-1-P, CTQ2016-78875-P, SAF2016-75638-R), the Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigacion de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF) and the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/075) is gratefully acknowledgedVendrell-Criado, V.; González-Bello, C.; Miranda Alonso, MÁ.; Jiménez Molero, MC. (2018). A combined photophysical and computational study on the binding of mycophenolate mofetil and its major metabolite to transport proteins. Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 199:308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.064S30831419

Spatial-Temporal variability analysis of temperature in two viticulture sites in Spain and Slovenia

Objective of this research is to describe and compare the results of climate variables analyzed in two different viticulture sites; indeed, one study site is located in the Valencia wine region in Spain and the other is in the Goriška Brda region in Slovenia. The research includes the climate analysis for a period of five decades in both study sites, from 1965 to 2013, to follow temperature measured daily. In addition, the Huglin and Winkler indexes were calculated in the same research sites for the same time period. The analysis was conducted in four weather stations (two in Spanish site and two in Slovene site). The climate data analysis showed a considerable temporal variability with notable increase of temperatures; indeed, it showed also the significant spatial variability of climatic variables. The continent and sea influence created climate and spatial differences on the both study sites, which are comparable with the climate evolution in the study period. This preliminary work is encouraging and will be further developed. Moreover, the results of this paper will be used to elaborate a climate model for the 2015-2065 period in each site separately. The results of the climate comparison, will give us two different climate models, one for each study site, which will contribute to improve viticulture adaptation in the future.Sirnik, I.; Quenol, H.; Jiménez Bello, MA.; Manzano Juarez, J. (2015). Spatial-Temporal variability analysis of temperature in two viticulture sites in Spain and Slovenia. Agriculture and Forestry / Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo. 66(4):221-230. doi:10.17707/AgricultForest.61.4.25S22123066

EVALUACIÓN Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DEL USO DE LA ENERGÍA EN REDES DE RIEGO. APLICACIÓN A LA COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES MURADA NORTE (ORIHUELA, ALICANTE)

[ES] La modernización de las infraestructuras agrícolas de regadío ha supuesto generalmente un incremento en el consumo energético de estas instalaciones. Tomando como referencia el Protocolo de Auditoría Energética en Comunidad de Regantes (CCRR) del Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de Energía (IDAE), se evalúan e identifican actuaciones de mejora del uso de la energía en la red de riego de la CCRR Murada Norte (Orihuela, Alicante). En primer lugar se caracteriza la red de riego, su gestión y su consumo, elaborando un modelo matemático de la red con herramientas SIG y EPANET. Posteriormente se realiza una evaluación del uso de la energía con los indicadores de gestión energética del protocolo del IDAE, a través del cual se consigue calificar energéticamente la CCRR. Finalmente como actuaciones de mejora se propone la construcción de una nueva balsa de regulación que permite reducir la altura media de impulsión, la sustitución del equipo de bombeo actual para mejorar la eficiencia del bombeo y reducir la potencia contratada en horas punta, y la renegociación de la tarifa eléctrica.Los autores de este trabajo muestran su agradecimiento a la CCRR Murada Norte por su participación en este estudio y al proyecto IMPADAPT (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) del Plan Estatal de I+D+i (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) por su financiación.Ruiz-Rodríguez, M.; Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Pulido Velázquez, MA. (2015). EVALUACIÓN Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DEL USO DE LA ENERGÍA EN REDES DE RIEGO. APLICACIÓN A LA COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES MURADA NORTE (ORIHUELA, ALICANTE). En XXXIII CONGRESO NACIONAL DE RIEGOS. Valencia 16-18 junio de 2015. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.1454OC

EVALUACIÓN DE LA PROGRAMACIÓN DEL RIEGO EN UNA COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES MEDIANTE BALANCE DE ENERGIA CON IMÁGENES LANDSAT 8

[EN] Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL) parametrized for citrus (Jiménez-Bello et al. 2015) was applied to an irrigation district during the irrigation season 2014. 22 irrigated orchards were selected and monthly ratios of ET calculated by FAO methodology (ETFAO), with no soil water limitations, and calculated ET by SEBAL (ETSEBAL ) were compared to the ratio of ETFAO and supplied volumes to each orchard (VOL). Linear and potential trends of ETSEBAL ETFAO-1 compared to ETFAO Vol-1 were determined. In every month there was a positive correlation for the two trends, showing that ETSEBAL in stressed crops is lower than ETFAO. The potential trend has shown best determination coefficients, since for overirrigated crops water percolates and is not registered in the surface energy balance model. Instead of further research is needed to know how pixel size and vegetation cover affect ETSEBAL, SEBAL is a methodology that can be used to estimate citrus water requirements for large irrigation districts,[ES] El modelo para para el cálculo de la evapotranspiración (ET) por balance de energía a nivel del suelo (SEBAL), una vez ha sido parametrizado para cítricos (Jiménez-Bello et al. 2015), ha sido aplicado a una comunidad de regantes durante la campaña de riego 2014. Entre las parcelas regadas se han seleccionado 22 y se han comparado mensualmente los ratios de la ET calculada mediante la metodología FAO (ETFAO), que lo hace para un cultivo sin limitaciones de agua en el suelo, y la ET calculada con SEBAL (ETSEBAL) frente al ratio de ETFAO y los volúmenes aportados a cada parcela (VOL). Se ha determinado la tendencia lineal y potencial de la comparación de ETSEBAL ETFAO-1 con ETFAO Vol-1 . En todos los meses ha existido correlación positiva de los datos para las dos tendencias, lo que viene a demostrar que ETSEBAL en cultivos estresados es menor que ETFAO. El modelo potencial ha mostrado mejores coeficientes de determinación, puesto que en cultivos sobreregados llega un límite en el que no se produce más ET y al percolar el agua, ésta no queda recogida en el balance de energía superficial. A falta de una investigación más detallada de cómo puede afectar el tamaño y la cubierta vegetal de la parcela, SEBAL es una metodología que puede ser utilizada para la estimación de las necesidades de riego en cítricos en comunidades de regantes.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto FIGARO del Séptimo Programa Marco europeo. Los autores agradecen la ayuda proporcionada por el personal del Sector XI de Picassent.Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Martínez Alzamora, F.; Martínez Gimeno, M.; Intrigliolo, D. (2015). EVALUACIÓN DE LA PROGRAMACIÓN DEL RIEGO EN UNA COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES MEDIANTE BALANCE DE ENERGIA CON IMÁGENES LANDSAT 8. En XXXIII CONGRESO NACIONAL DE RIEGOS. Valencia 16-18 junio de 2015. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.1505OC

Unmixing-Based Fusion of Hyperspatial and Hyperspectral Airborne Imagery for Early Detection of Vegetation Stress

"© 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.” Upon publication, authors are asked to include either a link to the abstract of the published article in IEEE Xplore®, or the article’s Digital Object Identifier (DOI).Many applications require a timely acquisition of high spatial and spectral resolution remote sensing data. This is often not achievable since spaceborne remote sensing instruments face a tradeoff between spatial and spectral resolution, while airborne sensors mounted on a manned aircraft are too expensive to acquire a high temporal resolution. This gap between information needs and data availability inspires research on using Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) to capture the desired high spectral and spatial information, furthermore providing temporal flexibility. Present hyperspectral imagers on board lightweight RPAS are still rare, due to the operational complexity, sensor weight, and instability. This paper looks into the use of a hyperspectral-hyperspatial fusion technique for an improved biophysical parameter retrieval and physiological assessment in agricultural crops. First, a biophysical parameter extraction study is performed on a simulated citrus orchard. Subsequently, the unmixing-based fusion is applied on a real test case in commercial citrus orchards with discontinuous canopies, in which a more efficient and accurate estimation of water stress is achieved by fusing thermal hyperspatial and hyperspectral (APEX) imagery. Narrowband reflectance indices that have proven their effectiveness as previsual indicators of water stress, such as the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), show a significant increase in tree water-stress detection when applied on the fused dataset compared to the original hyperspectral APEX dataset (R-2 = 0.62, p 0.1). Maximal R-2 values of 0.93 and 0.86 are obtained by a linear relationship between the vegetation index and the resp., water and chlorophyll, parameter content maps.This work was supported in part by the Belgian Science Policy Office in the frame of the Stereo II program (Hypermix project-SR/00/141), in part by the project Chameleon of the Flemish Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT), and in part by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (MEC) for the projects AGL2012-40053-C03-01 and CONSOLIDER RIDECO (CSD2006-67). The European Facility for Airborne Research EUFAR (www.eufar.net) funded the flight campaign (Transnational Access Project 'Hyper-Stress'). The work of D. S. Intrigliolo was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness program "Ramon y Cajal."Delalieux, S.; Zarco-Tejada, PJ.; Tits, L.; Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS.; Somers, B. (2014). Unmixing-Based Fusion of Hyperspatial and Hyperspectral Airborne Imagery for Early Detection of Vegetation Stress. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 7(6):2571-2582. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2330352S257125827

Aplicaciones en la nube (My Maps) para la docencia de asignaturas que hacen uso de información geográfica

[EN] With increasing of new data sources, speed data transfer and devices, the spatial data are easily available to be analyzed, displayed and shared Most of university degrees in the engineering area use this information for analysis, interpretation and land planning. So far, this information was difficult to be published and shared. But the development of cloud applications has allowed go further the desktop environment. In this work, the use experience of My Maps Google in the course Geographic Information Systems from the Master of Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental is showed. By means of this application results among all course participants were swapped for analysis and correction. In addition this tool has allowed making more attractive the subject while improving the opinion exchange with students and facilitating correction tasks[ES] Los datos espaciales cada vez están más disponibles conforme avanzan las fuentes de datos, la velocidad de navegación a través de la red y la velocidad de los procesadores para analizar, visualizar y compartir la información. Gran parte de las titulaciones universitarias del ámbito de la ingeniería utilizan este tipo de información para el análisis, interpretación y planificación del territorio. Hasta ahora esta información debido al tamaño de los archivos era difícil de publicar y compartir. Pero el desarrollo de aplicaciones en la nube ha permitido abandonar el entorno de ordenador de sobremesa. En este trabajo se cuenta la experiencia de la aplicación My Maps de Google en la asignatura Sistemas de Información Geográfica del Máster de Ingeniería Hidráulica y del Medio Ambiente. Mediante ella se intercambian los resultados entre todos los participantes de la asignatura con el fin de mostrar y evaluar lo aprendido. La incorporación ha permitido hacer más atractiva la asignatura a la vez que mejorar el intercambio de impresiones con los alumnos y facilitar las tareas de corrección.Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Martínez Gimeno, M.; Mendoza Ballesteros, M.; Alonso Campos, J. (2016). Aplicaciones en la nube (My Maps) para la docencia de asignaturas que hacen uso de información geográfica. En In-Red 2016. II Congreso nacional de innovación educativa y docencia en red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2016.2016.4386OC

Photogeneration of Quinone Methides as Latent Electrophiles for Lysine Targeting

[EN] Latent electrophiles are nowadays very attractive chemical entities for drug discovery, as they are unreactive unless activated upon binding with the specific target. In this work, the utility of 4-trifluoromethyl phenols as precursors of latent electrophiles, quinone methides (QM), for lysine-targeting is demonstrated. These Michael acceptors were photogenerated for specific covalent modification of lysine residues using human serum albumin (HSA) as a model target. The reactive QM-type intermediates I or II, generated upon irradiation of 4-trifluoromethyl-1-naphthol (1)@HSA or 4-(4-trifluorometylphenyl)phenol (2)@HSA complexes, exhibited chemoselective reactivity toward lysine residues leading to amide adducts, which was confirmed by proteomic analysis. For ligand 1, the covalent modification of residues Lys106 and Lys414 (located in subdomains IA and IIIA, respectively) was observed, whereas for ligand 2, the modification of Lys195 (in subdomain IIA) took place. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies provided an insight into the molecular basis of the selectivity of 1 and 2 for these HSA subdomains and the covalent modification mechanism. These studies open the opportunity of performing protein silencing by generating reactive ligands under very mild conditions (irradiation) for specific covalent modification of hidden lysine residues.Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness [CTQ2016-78875-P, SAF2016-75638-R and BES-2014-069404 (predoctoral fellowship to O.M.-M.)], the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/075), the Community of Madrid (2016-T1/AMB-1275), the Xunta de Galicia (Centro Singular de Investigacion de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09 and postdoctoral fellowship to E.L.), and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund, ERDF) is gratefully acknowledged. The proteomic analysis was performed in the proteomics facility of SCSIE University of Valencia that belongs to ProteoRed PRB2-ISCIII and is supported by grant PT13/0001, of the PE I+D+i 2013-2016, funded by ISCIII and FEDER. We are grateful to the Centro de Supercomputacion de Galicia (CESGA) for use of the Finis Terrae computer.Pérez Ruiz, R.; Molins-Molina, O.; Lence, E.; González-Bello, C.; Miranda Alonso, MÁ.; Jiménez Molero, MC. (2018). Photogeneration of Quinone Methides as Latent Electrophiles for Lysine Targeting. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 83(21):13019-13029. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b01559S1301913029832

Agricultura de precisión: programación del riego en tiempo real

[EN] The use of new tools for irrigation planning is an increasingly widespread practice. This step is essential in order to make this practice sustainable, both in the environmental and economical aspects. It is important to provide students the knowledge of these tools and make them competent in its use. An innovative approach has been proposed that integrates the use of a free public web server that guides the student in the calculation of the theoretical plant water needs. Furthermore, this result is associated with the assessment of soil water moisture by means of the probes called Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR). This device helps to adjust time and frequency irrigation. It is emphasized that this innovative methodology does not provide a unique and objective solution, which allows an assessment that is based on a compared and agreed result by groups of students, which encourages collaborative work. In addition, this methodology is aimed at bringing together a range of knowledge to develop capabilities in a real environment. This link with facilitates understanding of the calculation process and increases the interest of the students.[ES] La utilización de las nuevas tecnologías en la planificación del riego es una práctica cada vez más extendida con el fin de hacer esta práctica sostenible tanto en el ámbito medioambiental como en el económico. Es imprescindible transmitir al alumnado la existencia de este tipo de herramientas y hacerles competentes en su uso. Se ha planteado una metodología que integre el uso de un servidor web público y gratuito que orienta al alumno en el cálculo de las necesidades de riego teóricas. Adicionalmente se asocia este resultado al análisis del contenido de la humedad del suelo mediante el uso de sondas denominadas Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR). Este último dispositivo permite ajustar el tiempo de riego y la frecuencia del mismo. Se destaca que esta innovadora metodología no proporciona un solución única y pero sí objetiva, lo cual permite realizar una evaluación que se basa en un resultado contrastado y consensuado por grupos de alumnos, lo cual impulsa el trabajo colaborativo. Además esta metodología está dirigida a aglutinar una serie de conocimientos en capacidades a desarrollar un ámbito real. Esta vinculación con la práctica directa facilita la visualización del proceso de cálculo y aumenta satisfactoriamente el interés del alumnado.Martínez Gimeno, M.; Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Manzano Juarez, J.; Mendoza Ballesteros, MT. (2016). Agricultura de precisión: programación del riego en tiempo real. En In-Red 2016. II Congreso nacional de innovación educativa y docencia en red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2016.2016.4396OC